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						DOE G 430.1-1A
                            APPENDIX A

                            DICTIONARY



A/E & Construction Performance Appraisals.  Reviews of architect/engineer (A/E) and/or
construction contractor performance during the project.  (Also see Performance Evaluation of
A/E.)

A/E Internal Design Coordination.  Coordination of design effort within the A/E firm.

A/E Selection Scope of Work for Off-site A/E.  Project criteria required by the A/E for
subcontractors used by the A/E.  

Abandoned Design and Construction.  Project costs shall include costs incurred because of the
cancellation of all or part of a contract or purchase order to procure, manufacture, or assemble an
item of Plant and Capital Equipment (PACE).  These costs, less any salvage credits, shall be
distributed over the remaining units of property within the project for project accounting
purposes, except where such distribution significantly distorts the cost of the remaining property
units.  Where such distortion occurs, the costs of the abandoned project or project segment may
be closed from construction work in progress to abandoned projects.  All charges to abandoned
projects shall be approved by the Head of the Field Element.

Acceptance.  The inspection of a unit or facility for acceptance with a documented listing of the
specific testing to be accomplished or work remaining, including the furnishing of any outstanding
submittals or technical and record data, to be completed by the construction contractor.

Acceptance Testing.  The performance of all necessary testing to demonstrate that installed
equipment will operate satisfactorily and safely in accordance with plans and specifications.  It
includes required hydrostatic, pneumatic, electrical, ventilation, and mechanical functioning and
run-in tests of portions of systems, and finally of completed systems.

Acceptance Test Procedure and Plan.  A test procedure and plan developed for the acceptance
of the facility from the contractor.  This test procedure describes the individual testing methods
and results that must be met for individual components of the facility to be accepted, such as the
testing of concrete, soil analysis, and the level of contamination.  Acceptance of the individual
components must be completed prior to final acceptance.

Accounting.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses for accountants, timekeepers, clerks, and their
secretarial support.  This is an indirect cost.

Action Plan.  A plan describing the implementation of a specific cleanup action.  

Activity Based Costing (ABC).  A cost estimating method where the project is divided into
discrete activities, and a cost estimate is prepared for each activity.

Activity Data Sheet.  The activity data sheet (ADS) supports the Environmental Restoration
Planning, Budgeting, and Control System and relates to the program summary work breakdown
structure (WBS) at a specified level.  It is the basic building block for program life-cycle planning. 
An assessment ADS and a cleanup ADS define a remediation project.  Management activities that
are not associated with a specific remediation project are specified on separate ADSs.

Additions and Improvements to Structure.  Any additions or improvements to a structure,
such as adding a new wing to a building.  This does not include the additional equipment
improvements to a structure, such as adding insulation to a building.

Administration.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses for the overall administration personnel
(e.g., office manager) of the project.  This is an indirect cost.

Agreement in Principal.  During negotiations not all details may be decided, but an agreement in
principal may be reached.  This occurs when most of the contract language is approved by all
parties.  There may still be some outstanding items that have not been agreed upon during this
phase of negotiations.

Aircraft Operation.  Aircraft operations specifically for the construction project.  This is an
indirect cost.

Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirement (ARAR).  Requirements, including
cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection
requirements and criteria for hazardous substances, as specified under Federal and State law and
regulations, that must be met when complying with the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (from the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act).

As-built Drawings (Prior to and after construction).  A set of drawings that are marked-up by
the contractor building a facility or fabricating a piece of equipment that show how the item or
facility was actually built versus the way it was originally designed.  At the completion of a
project, the as-built drawings describe what was actually built.

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).  A radiation protection principle applied to
radiation exposures, with costs and benefits taken into account.

Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA).  1986 Act requiring school districts to
analyze asbestos problems.

Audit.  A planned and documented activity performed to determine by investigation, examination,
or evaluation of objective evidence the adequacy of and compliance with established procedures,
instructions, drawings, and other applicable documents and to determine the effectiveness of
implementation.  An audit should not be confused with surveillance or inspection activities
performed for the sole purpose of process control or product acceptance.

Baseline.  A quantitative definition of cost, schedule, and technical performance that serves as a
base or standard for measurement and control during the performance of an effort; the established
plan against which the status of resources and the effort of the overall program, field program(s),
project(s), task(s), or subtask(s) are measured, assessed, and controlled.  Once established,
baselines are subject to change control discipline (modified).

Baseline (Configuration).  A configuration document package that is fixed at a specific time
during the life cycle of a system and defines a formal departure point for control of future changes
in performance, design, production, construction, and related technical requirements.

Best Available Technology (BAT) or Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT).Treatment technologies that have been shown through actual use to yield the greatest
environmental benefits among competing technologies.

Bid Evaluations.  A review of all bids submitted by prospective contractors.  The bids are
opened and studied.  After selection of the winning bid, the bid is awarded.  

Bid Package.  A set of documents that contain the scope of work, specifications, drawings, and
general conditions for a project or job.  Prospective contractors should be able to review the bid
package and develop their cost estimates and schedules for the work.

Bid Package Preparation.  All time and materials used to prepare the bid package.

Bonds.  Bonds required for construction (e.g., performance, bid, payment).  This is an indirect
cost.

Buried Contingency.  Some estimators have sought to hide contingency estimates in order to
protect the project so that the final project does not go over budget because the contingency has
been removed by outside sources.  This is commonly known as buried contingency.

CAD Services (and computer).  Drawings generated by computer-aided drafting and design
(CAD) services.  These services include the software, hardware, associated materials, and the
system operator.

Camp Operations.  Operation of construction camp facilities.  This is an indirect cost.

Candidate Projects.  A list of projects submitted by the operating offices for approval. 
Submitting candidate projects to Headquarters is part of the budgeting process.

Candidate Sheets.  Recommended capital facility upgrades submitted by the operating plant
management to support plant/program milestones and commitments.

Capital Review Board.  An evaluation and review group that reviews candidate projects prior to
submittal to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE).

Certified Engineering Reports.  As a deliverable from the A/E, all engineering reports and
drawings must be certified.  The certification is a signed statement attesting to the accuracy of the
information in the document.

Change Control for Design.  The procedures that must be followed to change the baseline
design.  Scope, cost, and schedule impacts of the change are defined.  Levels of approval required
to authorize the change depend on the magnitude of the change.

Commissioning Costs.  Costs associated with authorizing a facility to operate.  These usually
include fuel or raw material costs, review costs, team costs, etc., and are project-specific. 
Commissioning costs are usually found in estimates for nuclear facilities.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). 
Federal statute (also known as Superfund) enacted in 1980 and reauthorized in 1986, that
provides the statutory authority for cleanup of hazardous substances that could endanger public
health, welfare, or the environment.  CERCLA addresses the uncontrolled releases of hazardous
substances to the environment and the cleanup of former or otherwise inactive waste sites.

Compressed Air Costs.  Construction and operation of the compressed air system used for
construction and temporary facilities.  This is an indirect cost.

Computer Systems (software and hardware).  Automated data processing to assist operators
who monitor and run the equipment or facilities.  This includes software and hardware developed
for the facility.  

Conceptual Design Estimate.  A budget or conceptual design estimate is required to request
congressional authorization for funding.  This request is required for each line item construction
project and each contingency-type project.

Conceptual Design Plan.  Pre-authorization activity that describes the basis for the conceptual
design.

Conceptual Design Report (CDR).  The CDR is a document that describes the project in
sufficient detail to produce a budget cost estimate and to evaluate the merits of the project.  A
conceptual design report shall be prepared for line item construction projects prior to inclusion of
the project in the DOE budget process.

Conceptual Project Schedule.  A schedule that is developed during pre-authorization activities
and is based on the conceptual design of the facility.

Configuration Management Plan.  A plan to ensure and document that all components of a
project interface both physically and functionally.

Constructability Review.  Formal review to determine feasibility of constructing a proposed
project.

Construction.  The act of erecting, renovating, reconditioning, or demolishing a building or other
facility, including the labor, materials, and equipment required to complete the task.  This is a
direct cost.  Costs will be charged to plant and capital equipment - construction.

Construction Contractors.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of engineers, engineering
assistants, and their secretarial support responsible for engineering and design performed by the
construction contractor.  When work normally performed by an architect/engineer is performed
by a construction contractor, the associated costs are charged to the applicable engineering,
design, and inspection accounts.  This is an indirect cost.

Construction Coordination and Planning.  Management activities that work to keep the
project on schedule and on budget during project construction.  These activities include, for
example, ensuring that construction equipment and supplies are available when needed.

Construction Equipment.  Major pieces of equipment used during construction that are not
associated with a single work operation.  Specific-purpose equipment would be charged to the
appropriate direct account.  This element includes rental or depreciation, repairs, fuels and lubri-

cants, erection, dismantling, shipping, and operator and assistant wages.  This is an indirect cost
only if not associated with a particular work operation.

Construction Equipment Maintenance.  Maintenance of major pieces of equipment (as defined
above) used during construction.  This is an indirect cost.

Construction Facilities.  Facilities that are constructed, rented, renovated, etc., strictly for use
during the construction phase of the project (e.g., structures, roads, utility connections, parking,
walkways).  Facilities that remain in place or use after completion of construction should be
charged elsewhere (e.g.,  permanent plant construction, sitework, operating expense).  

Construction Management.  Construction management covers those services provided by the
organization responsible for management of the construction effort during Title I and Title II
design, and continuing through the completion of construction.  Construction management
services are further defined in DOE Order 4700.1, PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 

Construction Project Data Sheet (Schedule 44).  This form is submitted to DOE Headquarters
for review and, if approved, the project is included in the budget submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB).  The completed conceptual design estimate normally serves as
the basis for preparation of this form.

Construction Status Reports and Meetings.  Any meeting or conference called for the purpose
of reviewing construction project status.  Status reports are issued at regular intervals during the
construction and describe project status relative to existing budget, schedule, and scope.

Consumables.  Expendable supplies used during construction (e.g., rope, tarps, drill bits,
grinding wheels, gloves, hoses, rags, soap, fuels, lubricants).  This is an indirect cost.

Contamination Restrictions.  Time lost due to radiation dose rates.  This is a direct cost.

Contingency.  The amount budgeted to cover costs that may result from incomplete design,
unforseen and unpredictable conditions, or uncertainties.  The amount of the contingency will
depend on the status of design, procurement, and construction and the complexity and uncertainty
of the component parts of the project.  Contingency is not to be used to avoid making an accurate
assessment of expected cost.

Contract Administration.  The maintenance and oversight of a project to ensure that all
provisions of the contract are met.

Contractor.  Includes all persons, organizations, departments, divisions, and companies having
contracts, agreements, or memoranda of understanding with the DOE or other federal agency.

Contract Fee.  Fee earned by the contractor.  It may be based on dollar value or other unit of
measure such as manhours.  This is an indirect cost.

Contractor Support Related to Design and Construction.  Support provided by a contractor
during design and construction, such as activities involving project and construction management. 

Contribution to Welfare Plans.  Health insurance, retirement plans, education, and training that
is typically an addition to base salary, in the form of a percent added or unit cost per hour.  This is
an indirect cost.

Contributions In-Kind.  Instead of being paid with money for services supplied, an exchange of
a commodity is given.  An example of this is if a contractor would demolish an old house, he
receives the lumber for payment of his services.  

Control Systems for Construction Activities.  Any system used to track progress and/or
expenses during construction against the baseline budget and schedule.

Corrective Action.  A measure taken to rectify and prevent recurrence of conditions that
adversely affect quality and mission accomplishments.

Cost Estimate.  A statement of costs estimated to be incurred in the conduct of an activity, such
as a program, or the acquisition of a project or system.  The estimate can be in the form of
proposals by contractors or Government agencies, a response to a program opportunity notice, or
a DOE estimate.  

Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF) Contract.  A contract where the contractor recovers actual costs
incurred for completed work and is awarded a fee based on performance.  Actual costs include
general administration, overhead, labor and fringe benefits, other direct costs, and materials,
including mark-up.

Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF) Contract.  A contract where the contractor recovers actual costs
incurred for completed work.  The fee awarded is predetermined and set by the contract.

Cultural Resources Review.  An archaeological survey performed to ground disturbing activities
at a proposed project construction site.

Davis-Bacon Administration.  Administration of the Davis-Bacon Act, which regulates
minimum wage rates on federal projects.

Decision Progress Reporting.  Project status reporting using decision tree analyses.

Decommissioning.  The process of removing a facility from operation, followed by
decontamination, entombment, dismantlement, or conversion to another use.

Decontamination.  The removal of hazardous material (typically radioactive or chemical
material) from facilities, soils, or equipment by washing, chemical action, mechanical cleaning, or
other techniques.

Definitive Estimate.  An estimate conducted during the latter stages of a project when
engineering may be as much as 40 percent complete.  The actual cost is usually within plus
15 percent to minus 5 percent of the definitive estimate.

Demolition.  Destruction and removal of facilities or systems from the construction site.  This is a
direct cost.

Depletable Resources.  A resource that is used up during a job.

Design and Construction Errors and Omissions.  Errors and omissions are sometimes found in
a design during the construction process.  These typically lead to change orders.  A contractor's
change order would normally be approved if it is caused by errors and omissions in the owner's
design package.

Design Calculation and Analysis.  These are the calculations and analyses used to support the
design.  For example, calculations would be shown to support the sizing of the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), heating and cooling units, fans, and ducts.

Design Changes/Controls.  The process by which changes to the design are recorded and
controlled after the design has been approved.  Associated changes to the budget and schedule are
documented as part of this procedure.  

Design Cost and Scheduling Analysis and Control.  Tracking and analysis of the cost and
schedule of activities that occur during the design phase of a project.

Design Kickoff.  A design kickoff meeting is held with DOE, the A/E, and any site contractors
prior to any Title I design activities.  This meeting initiates the design effort.

Design Quality Assurance (QA) Plan.  Project plan for ensuring the quality of formal design. 
Components of design QA usually include checkprinting and review of design elements by senior
A/E staff.

Design Review.  A systematic review of project design to ensure it is meeting the requirements of
the objective. 

Design Review by Project Team.  An internal review conducted by a project team selected to
review the design effort.  

Design Review Support by Operating Contract.  During the design, an operating contractor
reviews the design.  This would be an operability type design review.  

Detailed Estimate.  This estimate is developed for the total project based on the completed
design package.  This estimate is used to verify the contractor's figures in both a lump sum or
negotiated fee project.  It is also used to track costs during the construction phase of the contract.

Direct Costs.  Any costs that can be specifically identified with a particular project or activity,
including salaries, travel, equipment, and supplies directly benefitting the project or activity.

Disposal.  There are two types of disposal that could be associated with construction and
remediation type projects.  Includes regular construction debris as well as hazardous waste that
must be disposed of.  

Disposal of Radioactive Waste.  Cost of compliance with regulatory requirements for
radioactive waste disposal.

Document.  Any written or pictorial information describing, defining, specifying, reporting, or
certifying activities, requirements, procedures, or results.  A document is not considered to be a
quality assurance record until it satisfies the definition of a quality assurance record.

Drawings.  As part of an A/E design effort, drawings are typically a deliverable.  These are design
drawings that depict how a facility should look after the construction is complete.  Also referred
to as as-built drawings.

Drinking Water and Sanitation.  Supply of drinking water and toilet facilities during
construction or operation activities.  This is an indirect cost.  

Economic Escalation.  Cost increases caused by unit price increases.  Whereas the cost of
projects can increase because of poor management, scope growth, and schedule delays, economic
escalation is concerned only with forecasting price increases caused by an increase in the cost of
labor, material, or equipment necessary to perform the work.

Economic/Life Cycle Cost Analysis.  An analysis of the direct, indirect, recurring, non-
recurring, and other related costs incurred or estimated to be incurred in the design, development,
production, operation, maintenance, support, and final disposition of a major system over its
anticipated useful life span.

Energy Conservation Report.  A report that analyzes the different energy systems in a project to
achieve a design that minimizes energy use.  Typically, systems that use less energy require more
capital cost.  This study balances the energy savings against the increased capital cost to arrive at
an optimum design.

Energy System Acquisition Advisory Board (ESAAB).  ESAAB supports the Acquisition
Executive by providing advice, assistance and recommendations at key decision points for each
major system acquisition and designated major projects.  The ESAAB provides a single forum for
the discussion of issues and alternatives and is designed to ensure coordinated, objective senior
level management advice to the Acquisition Executive.  DOE Order 4700.1, PROJECT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, can be referenced for further information. 

Energy System Acquisition Advisory Review (ESAAR).  An annual review for environmental
projects that reflects the project status and activity for the prior and upcoming fiscal years.

Engineering and Design Studies.  Engineering and design studies are conducted throughout a
project from pre-authorization through construction to determine the best alternative from an
engineering perspective.  An example of an engineering study would be to evaluate waste water
treatment techniques to determine which one would be the best to achieve the required level of
treatment.

Engineering, Design, and Inspection (ED&I).  Activities begin with the preliminary design
(Title I).  Pre-title I activities are not considered part of ED&I activities.  ED&I activities include
the engineering and design activities in Title I & II and the inspection activities associated with
Title III.  

Engineering Support (A/E).  During the construction of the project, additional technical
expertise may be required.  This assistance is A/E engineering support.

Environmental Cleanup Costs.  All costs associated with an environmental remediation project
after the assessment phase.

Environmental Restoration.  Cleanup and restoration of sites contaminated with hazardous
substances during past production or disposal activities.

Environmental Restoration Management Contractor (ERMC).  A contractor responsible for
the management and execution of the Environmental Restoration Program for a site.

Environmental, Safety and Health (ES&H) Crosscut.  A review of applicable environmental,
safety, and health regulations or requirements to determine the impacts of these requirements and
regulations on the project.  Air and water quality, land disturbances, ecology, climate, public and
occupational health and safety, and socioeconomic factors (including non-availability of critical
resources and institutional, cultural, and aesthetic considerations) are some of the areas
considered.

Equipment and Refurbishment or Equipment Repair.  The restoration or replacement of a
deteriorated item of PACE such that it may be utilized for its designated purpose.  The cost of
repair is normally charged to an operating expense account and includes amounts for labor and
associated supervision and materials and transportation costs, as well as indirect and other costs
incurred in such repairs, but it does not include the costs to replace items of PACE designated as
retirement units.  

Escalation.  A time-related increase in the amount of labor hours required to produce a given unit
of work output, aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply, external pressures on the market
such as droughts or cartels, wage-price spiral, an increase in the cost of labor, or a decrease in the
availability of good or services.  These factors independently or in unison will increase the cost of
a good or service.

Escorts.  Personnel to escort uncleared construction workers in a security restricted area.  This is
a direct cost.

Evaluation of RCRA/EPA/State Permit Regulations.  An analysis of applicable federal, state,
and local environmental regulations to determine what permits are required for the project. 
(Note:  RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, EPA = Environmental Protection
Agency.)

Expense Funding.  Funding from the Operating Office expense funds.

Facility.  A single project that includes any buildings and functional systems, such as equipment,
process systems and associated piping, landfills, and impoundments.  A facility is usually
associated with a unique process or operation at a given location.

Feasibility Study.  The objectives of the feasibility study are to identify the alternatives for
remediation and to select and describe the alternative that satisfies the applicable or relevant and
appropriate requirements for mitigating confirmed environmental contamination.  Successful
completion of the feasibility study should result in the development of a remedial design to
implement the selected remedial actions.

Fire Protection.  Fire protection equipment and systems provided during construction that do not
become part of the permanent plant.  This is an indirect cost.

"First Level" Codes.  Sometimes called "primary levels," represent the major cost categories. 
The major components or categories of work for each of the primary levels on each project are
listed and assigned a "secondary level."  Codes are then broken down by work elements or bills of
material and each work element or bill of material (BM) is assigned a "third level" or fine detail
level.

Freight.  Delivery service provided to move materials and equipment from the supplier's point of
origin to the job site.  This is a direct cost.

Full Time Equivalents (FTE).  A method of calculating labor costs where the number of
employees is multiplied by the rate and duration to calculate cost.

Funding Profile.  A representation of the project costs over the life of the project.

General Cleanup.  General area cleanup and yard cleanup.  Cleanup associated with a particular
work operation is charged directly to the associated account.  This is an indirect cost, only if not
associated with a particular work operation.

Government Estimates.  Determines the reasonableness of competitive bids received in
connection with fixed-price construction contracts, and serves as a control in evaluating cost
estimates prepared by a prime cost-type construction contractor.  Sometimes called engineer's
estimate.  

Hazardous Ranking System (HRS).  A U.S. EPA scoring system used for a number of
environmental decisions, including ranking disposal sites for cleanup.

Hazardous Waste.  As defined in RCRA, a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, that
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may
cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious, irreversible,
or incapacitating reversible illness or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or
otherwise managed.

Heat.  Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning for construction and temporary facilities.  This is
an indirect cost.

Holiday and Vacation Pay.  Paid legal holidays and charged vacation pay.  This is an indirect
cost.

Identification of Long Lead Procurements.  The identification of those items of equipment
and/or construction materials that must be ordered prior to the estimated physical construction
start to ensure availability at the time needed so as not to delay construction performance. 

Identification of Project Record Requirements.  The identification of document control and
filing requirements.

Improvements to Land.  The cost of general site clearing, grading, drainage, and facilities
common to the project as a whole (such as roads, walks, paved areas, fences, guard towers, rail-

roads, port facilities, etc.), but excluding individual buildings, other structures, utilities, special
equipment/process systems, and demolition, tunneling, and drilling when they are a significant
intermediate or end product of the project.

Independent Cost Estimate (ICE).  A documented cost estimate that has the express purpose of
serving as an analytical tool to validate, cross check, or analyze estimates developed by
proponents of a project.  An independent cost estimate also serves as a basis for verifying risk
assessments.

Indirect Costs.  Costs incurred by an organization for common or joint objectives and that
cannot be identified specifically with a particular activity or project.

Initial Complement of Furnishings.  Includes furniture and other furnishings to make a facility
operable as per the original intent.

Inspection.  Examination or measurement to verify whether an item or activity conforms to
specified requirements.

Inspection Planning.  Planning for the survey of a unit, facility, or area to determine overall
compliance with contract drawings and specifications.

Installations/Alterations.  Installation and/or modification of project equipment during
construction activities.

Insurance.  Insurance, other than payroll, carried by the contractor in connection with the con-

struction work (e.g., vehicle and property damage, liability, builders risk).  This is an indirect cost.

Integrated Project Schedule.   An integrated project schedule contains all the elements of the
overall project, including the design and engineering, procurement, construction, R&D, safety,
environmental, and operations activities.  An integrated project schedule would cover pre-
authorization through construction activities.

Interest Penalties.  Contractual financial penalties for failure to pay invoices in a timely fashion.

Intermediate Estimate.  An estimate conducted at the intermediate stages of a project or the
beginning of the design stage.

Item.  An all-inclusive term used in place of any of the following:  appurtenance, assembly,
component, equipment, material, module, part, structure, facility, subassembly, system,
subsystem, or unit.

Key Decision 0.  The project milestone required for requesting conceptual design funding in the
internal review budget cycle.

Key Decision 1.  The project milestone denoting that the project has received approval in the
internal review budget process.

Key Decision 2.  The project milestone denoting that the project has been approved to start
final/detailed design and long-lead procurement.

Key Decision 3.  The project milestone denoting that the project has been approved to start
construction or enter full-scale development.

Key Decision 4.  The project milestone denoting that the project is operationally ready.
 
Land and Rights.  The purchase price and other acquisition costs required to obtain the land
and/or land rights necessary for a project.  This includes removal costs less salvage realized in
disposing of any facilities acquired with the land.

Letter of Instruction.  Design guidance document for the A/E to follow.  This document is
produced by the PM and describes any required design deviations from the Design Criteria
Manual.

Laundry.  Cleaning of contaminated clothing.  This is an indirect cost.

Legal.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of lawyers and legal fees.  This is an indirect cost.

Life-Cycle Cost (LCC).  The sum total of the direct, indirect, recurring, nonrecurring, and other
related costs incurred or estimated to be incurred in the design, development, production,
operation, maintenance, support, and final disposition of a major system over its anticipated useful
life span.  Where system or project planning anticipates use of existing sites or facilities,
restoration and refurbishment costs should be included.

Light and Power.  Light and power for construction and temporary facilities.  This is an indirect
cost.

Main Plant.  This term is used to describe the building, facility, or plant, which must be
capitalized.

Maintenance of General Construction Plant.  Maintenance and operation of general
construction plant facilities not chargeable to other accounts.  Includes depreciation of general site
improvements and temporary land improvements.  This is an indirect cost.

Management and Operating (M&O) Contractor/M&O Support During Construction. 
Technical support from project M&O contractor during facility construction and start-up.

Material Handling.  The receipt, offloading, and storage of materials.  The final movement to
the point of installation is charged to the appropriate direct account.  This is an indirect cost.

Material Procurement Rate.  Percent markup on purchased materials.

Medical and First Aid.  Medical personnel, first aid supplies, and hospital expenses.  This is an
indirect cost.

Milestone.  A important or critical event and/or activity that must occur in the project cycle to
achieve the project objective(s).

Motor Pool Operations.  Operation of a pool for motor vehicles for general and administrative
services.  Automobiles operated specifically for other services are not to be included here.  This is
an indirect cost.

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP).  Clean Air Act limits
for release of hazardous pollutants for which no ambient air quality standard is applicable.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969.  This act established the requirement for
conducting environmental reviews of federal actions that have the potential for adverse impact on
the human environment.  NEPA requires that DOE perform an environmental review, with public
participation, of proposed major federal actions that may have an impact on the human
environment.  This review usually results in an environmental assessment or environmental impact
statement.  

Negotiations of Fixed Price Contract Changes.  Contract negotiations between DOE and a
contractor on a fixed price contract during the contract period.

Non-Conformance Reports (NCRs).  A report that documents a contractor's failure to comply
with the contractual requirements.

Office Supplies and Expenses.  Expenses of administrative offices, including stationery, forms,
blueprints, reproduction equipment and supplies, furniture, photography, telecommunications
services and personnel, janitorial services, heating and air-conditioning, lighting, water and
sewage, depreciation of office facilities and equipment, repairs and maintenance of office buildings
and equipment, messenger and mail services, and office employees not chargeable to other
accounts.  This is an indirect cost.

Operable Unit (OU).  A discrete portion of a DOE installation identified as a group of release
sites placed together for the purpose of remediation as a single project.  OUs may represent
geographical portions of an installation, or they may represent a specific installation problem, such
as surface/subsurface groundwater contamination.  Cleanup of an installation may be divided into
a number of OUs, depending on the complexity of the problems associated with the installation. 
An OU may represent all or part of discrete locations such as Waste Area Groups (WAGs) and
Solid Waste Management Units (SWMUs).  OUs usually contain more than one release site, may
be in close geographic proximity to other OUs, and may exhibit similar waste characteristics and
types of releases.  Release sites do not have to be contiguous to be included in a specific OU.

Operation Test Plans.  Plans developed to fully test the operation during start-up as well as tests
to be conducted to check the operations of the system once the facility is in operation.

Operations and Maintenance (O&M).  Activities required to maintain the effectiveness of
response actions.

Operational Readiness Review.  Facility audit to verify that the facility is ready to commence
operation.

Operator Training.  Training provided for the operating contractor personnel in order to run and
maintain a facility.  This includes all required health and safety and specialized training by a
vendor.

Order-of-Magnitude Estimate.  An estimate conducted during the preliminary stages of a
project.

Other Project Costs (OPC).  All other costs related to a project that are not included in the
Total Estimated Costs, such as supporting research and development, pre-authorization costs
prior to start of Title I design, plant support costs during construction, activation, and startup.  

Outside Contractor Support.  Support of DOE activities using outside contractors instead of
DOE personnel.

Parametric Estimate.  Parametric estimating requires historical data bases on similar systems or
subsystems.  Statistical analysis is performed on the data to find correlations between cost drivers
and other system parameters, such as design or performance parameters.  The analysis produces
cost equations or cost estimating relationships that can be used individually or grouped into more
complex models.

Payroll Insurance.  Contractor's contribution to social security taxes.  This is an indirect cost.

Performance Evaluation of A/E.  To ensure that the design effort is completed on time and
within budget, the A/E performance must be evaluated.  The performance is evaluated during
design by using the number of drawings that are expected to be produced and the number of
manhours required for each drawing.  These hours are tracked to give an indication of the
performance of the A/E.  Another performance evaluation is to assess that the facility is being
designed in accordance with the functional design criteria.

Permits, Licenses.  Permits and licenses required for construction and transportation permits,
equipment operating (e.g.,  building, street, utility, environmental, and transportation permits;
equipment operating licenses).  This is an indirect cost.

Permits After Title I.  Permits obtained for construction are permits after Title I.

Permits Prior to Title I.  Permits prior to Title I include all those permits required during the
design phase of a project.  It may also include permits that must be obtained prior to construction.

Personnel.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of personnel for recruitment employment and
employee relations activities.  This is an indirect cost.

Physically Handicapped Review.  Review of design for barrier-free design/construction features
for facility accessibility by the handicapped.

Pilot Plant.  A pilot plant is a small-scale demonstration plant that is used to evaluate a process
and better define the process design parameters.

Planning Estimate.  A cost estimate for general planning and budgeting purposes only.  Planning
estimates will be used when there is a need for an order-of-magnitude estimate, but sufficient
definitive information is lacking that would allow the development of a total estimated cost. 
Planning estimates are developed for each project (program) at the time of project identification. 
Since these are developed before conceptual design, they are order-of-magnitude only and have
the least amount of accuracy and lowest confidence level.  Care should be exercised in these
estimates to ensure that the order of magnitude is correct, since a tendency exists to avoid
changing, particularly upward, this estimate once established.

Plant and Capital Equipment (PACE) Fund.  For conventional construction projects, this is a
fund that provides for the plant and its basic equipment/furnishings.

Plant Forces Work Review.  Determines whether part or all of the project work will be
performed by plant forces as defined by the Davis-Bacon Act.

Pre-title I Activities.  Pre-title I activities are defined in a variety of DOE references as all
activities taking place prior to the start of the preliminary design.  This includes siting and related
engineering studies conducted to establish project scope, feasibility, need, etc., as well as all
activities that produce formal deliverables, such as conceptual design reports.

Preliminary Assessment/Site Investigation (PA/SI).  One of the first stages in remediating a
site.  The PA/SI is designed to evaluate all known information about the site and to conduct a
preliminary investigation of the extent and nature of the contamination at the site.  The purpose is
to determine if further action or investigation is appropriate.  Data collected during this period is
used to build an HRS score for the site.

Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR).  For complex or expensive projects, a preliminary
safety analysis is prepared and approved before construction begins.  The analysis must be
accompanied by a report that documents the analysis.

Premium Pay.  Incremental wage increases for such things as overtime, shift differential, and
general foreman.  This is a direct cost.

Prime Contractors.  DOE's major contractors; principally, DOE's management and operations
contractors.

Procedure.  A document that specifies or describes how an activity is to be performed.

Procurement.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of those responsible for field purchasing and
expediting of materials, supplies, and equipment.  This is an indirect cost.

Procurement and Construction Specifications.  A deliverable of the design effort is the
procurement and construction specification or requirement.  These documents allow a contractor
to procure all equipment necessary for construction.

Procurement Coordination.  Coordination of equipment and materials between purchasing staff
and project management to ensure that schedule and cost requirements are being fulfilled.

Procurement Document.  Purchase requisitions, purchase orders, drawings, contracts, contract
task orders, specifications, or instructions used to determine requirements for purchase
(modified).

Productivity.  Consideration for factors that affect the efficiency of construction labor (e.g.,
location, weather, work space, coordination, schedule).  This is a direct cost.

Program.  An organized set of activities directed toward a common purpose or goal undertaken
or proposed in support of an assigned mission area.  It is characterized by a strategy for
accomplishing a definite objective(s) that identifies the means of accomplishment, particularly in
qualitative terms, with respect to work force, material, and facility requirements.  Programs are
typically made up of technology-based activities, projects, and supporting operations.  

Program Manager.  An individual in an organization or activity who is responsible for the
management of a specific function or functions, budget formulation, and execution of the
approved budget.  The program manager receives an approved funding program from responsible
authority identifying program dollars available to accomplish the assigned function.

Program Objectives.  A statement or set of statements defining the purposes and goals to be
achieved during performance of a program to fulfill a DOE mission, including the technical
capabilities, cost, and schedule goals.

Program Office.  The Headquarters organizational element responsible for managing a program. 

Program Participant.  Any organization, contractor, or individual who is responsible for meeting
assigned program objectives.

Project.  A unique major effort within a program that has firmly scheduled beginning,
intermediate, and ending date milestones; prescribed performance requirements; prescribed costs;
and close management, planning, and control.  The project is the basic building block in relation
to a program that is individually planned, approved, and managed.  A project is not constrained to
any specific element of the budget structure (e.g., operating expense or plant and capital
equipment).  Construction, if required, is part of the total project.  Authorized, and at least
partially appropriated, projects will be divided into three categories:  major system acquisitions,
major projects, and other projects.

Project Assessment and Reporting.  Project status reporting and comparison against budgeted
or scheduled project forecasts.

Project Closeout.  The final phase of a project where all project contracts are closed and all
records finalized for storage.

Project Management.  Project management covers those services provided to the DOE on a
specific project, beginning at the start of design and continuing through the completion of
construction, for planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and reporting on the status of the
project.  It includes developing and maintaining the project management plan; managing project
resources; establishing and implementing management systems, including performance
measurement systems; and approving and implementing changes to project baselines.

Project Management Plan (PMP).  The PMP is the document that sets forth the plans,
organization, and systems that those responsible for managing the project shall utilize.  The
content and extent of detail of the PMP will vary in accordance with the size and type of project
and state of project execution.

Project Schedules.  Schedules may be developed for each phase of the project, such as design,
procurement, and construction.  These schedules would indicate the sequence required to finish
the activities during the allotted time.  Project schedules may also be used in the performance
evaluation of contractors.

Project Support.  Support covers those activities performed by the operating contractor for
internal management and technical support of the project manager.

Project Validation.  Headquarters review and validation of line item projects for constructability,
costs, and schedule.  

Protective Clothing.  Materials and time required for construction forces to dress and undress
for work in contaminated areas.  This is a direct cost.

Quality.  The totality of features and characteristics of an item or service that bears on its ability
to satisfy given needs or fitness for intended use, which includes conformance to requirements.

Quality Assurance.  All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate
confidence that a facility, structure, system, or component will perform satisfactorily in service.

Quality Control.  All those actions necessary to control and verify the features and
characteristics of a material, process, product, or service to specified requirements.  Quality
control is the process through which actual quality performance is measured and compared with
standards.

RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA).  The initial RCRA process to determine whether corrective
action for a RCRA past practice unit is warranted or to define what additional data must be
gathered to make this determination; analogous to a CERCLA Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection.

RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI).  The RCRA process to determine the extent of hazardous
waste contamination; analogous to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act remedial investigation.

Radiation Control Timekeepers.  Personnel who monitor employee exposure to radioactive
materials and ensure that regulatory limits are not exceeded.

Radiation Protection by Operation Contractor.  Personnel protective equipment and
monitoring devices supplied by the operating contractor for protection against employee exposure
to radioactive materials.  

Regulatory Overview by A/E.  An evaluation of all applicable local, state, and federal
environmental and health and safety regulations by the A/E during project design.

Regulatory Requirements (non NEPA).  A full regulatory compliance check is conducted on all
steps of the overall project to ensure that all work is conducted in accordance with all current
regulations.  This includes federal, state, and local regulations.  

Remedial Action.  A subactivity (CERCLA term) in a remedial response involving actual
implementation, following remedial design, of the selected source control and/or off-site remedial
effort.

Remedial Design.  The final design specifications and drawings are developed for remediation
work.  All engineering required to perform the remediation is completed.  

Remedial Investigation (RI).  The CERCLA process of determining the extent of hazardous
substance contamination and, and as appropriate, conducting treatability investigations.  The RI is
often done in conjunction with the feasibility study. 

Reporting Time.  Time given to employees to report for work when no work is available because
of weather or other conditions.  This is an indirect cost.

Reproduction.  Copying or duplication of project documents during project design.

Request for Project Authorization.  A request for project activity authorization is submitted to
the field office manager or designee for approval prior to the initiation of work or contracting the
work.  The authorization procedure in DOE Order 4700.1 should be followed.

Requirements for Safety Analysis Determination.  Safety analyses must include the
identification of hazards, assessment of risks, and methods for risk elimination or control.  The
line organization is responsible for preparing the safety analyses, obtaining an independent review
of each analysis, and authorizing the construction operation and subsequent significant
modification.
Research and Development (also called Development).  The development and testing of
systems and pilot plants judged to be technically and economically desirable as a means of
achieving principal program goals.  Engineering development concerns itself with processes,
preproduction components, equipment, subsystems, and systems.  Initiation of work in this
category is dependent upon successful demonstration of a technical feasibility and economic
potential during the technology phase.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).  Addresses the management of regulated
hazardous waste and requires that permits be obtained for DOE facilities that treat, store, or
dispose of hazardous waste or mixed waste; establishes standards for these facilities; and requires
corrective actions (e.g., remediation) of past releases of hazardous waste from regulated waste
management units.

Retroactive Pay.  This account is used only when actual distribution of retroactive pay
adjustments would be burdensome or the specific projects affected are closed.  This is a holding
account; only unallocatable costs should remain in this account.

Review Support by Management and Operating (M&O) Contractor.  Review of design
drawings prior to construction by M&O contractor.

Risk.  The combined effect of the probability and consequences of failure of an item expressed in
qualitative or quantitative terms.

Risk Estimate.  A description of the probability that organisms exposed to a specific dose of
chemical will develop an adverse response (e.g., cancer).

Risk/Health Assessment.  The potential for realization of unwanted negative consequences of
events.  Public health risk assessment is a quantitative or qualitative evaluation of data from
sources, such as toxicology and epidemiology, to predict the effects of public exposure to
environmental factors that pose a potential hazard to the health and well-being of the public. 
Environmental and/or health effects resulting from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
(pollutant) are combined with toxicity assessment results to provide an overall estimate or risk to
the public.  The process includes identification of the threat's source, determination of the threat's
potential extent or magnitude, and resolution of probability that the defined undesirable situation
will ensue from the exposure.  

Safeguard and Security Systems.  Safeguards against potential environmental damage and
methods for mitigating environmental hazards must be developed.  Security systems must be
designed to protect the public from endangerment as well as protection for the facility.

Safety.  All safety programs conducted during the course of the construction contract.  Welding
glasses, gloves, temporary railing, and other safety measures should be charged to the appropriate
related cost account rather than to this account.  This is an indirect cost.

Safety Review by A/E.  A review by the A/E during the design phase for safety aspects of a
project.

Sales Tax.  State and local sales and use taxes.  This is an indirect cost.

Scaffolding.  General purpose scaffolding.  Scaffolding erected for a particular work operation
should be charged to the appropriate account.  This is an indirect cost, only if not associated with
a particular work operation. 

Scope Change.  A change in task objectives, plans (project or field work), or schedule that
results in a material difference from the terms of an approval to proceed previously granted by
higher authority.  Under certain conditions, change in resource application may constitute a
change in scope.

Security.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of security guards and associated equipment.  This
is an indirect cost.

Security and Restrictions.  Time lost due to security limitations and restrictions.  This is a direct
cost.

Short Form Project Data Sheet.  Short form project data sheets are brief overviews of projects
that contain the project mission requirements, total estimated costs, other costs, tentative project
schedule, and the amount of funding requested in the budget.

Significant Alterations.  Any alteration or betterment of a facility that needs to be capitalized. 
(Reference DOE Order 2200.6, Chapter 6)

Signup and Termination Pay.  Recruitment costs and severance pay.  This is an indirect cost.

Site.  A geographic entity comprising land, buildings, and other facilities required to perform
program objectives.  Generally a site has, organizationally, all of the required facility management
functions (i.e., it is not a satellite of some other site).  For purposes of this document, site and
installation are synonymous.

Site Inspection.  The purpose of the site inspection is to acquire the necessary data to confirm
the existence of environmental contamination at identified potential sites and to assess the
associated potential risk to human health, welfare, and the environment.  The data collected at
each site must be sufficient to support the decision for either continuing with a remedial
investigation/feasibility study or for removing the site from further investigation through a
decision document.

Site Investigation (final site selection).  Acquisition of title and in some cases lessor interests in
real property requires a formal site selection.  Site selection and acquisition of real property must
follow DOE policy as stated in DOE Order 4300.1, Real Property Management.  This element
describes any plans for site selection and real property acquisition and ultimate disposal, including
the party responsible for the property, with particular emphasis on any implications of these
actions on project contract provisions.  Also included are plans to contract for utility services for
the sites including a statement concerning whether or not such services will necessitate an increase
in capacity for local utilities. 

Site Selection Report.  A report containing all activities included in the site selection.  This
includes a report pertaining to the acquisition or real property as well as any environmental site
assessments that were conducted.

Sitework.  Improvements made exterior to the structures on site.  Includes such things as utilities,
landscaping, irrigation, lighting, railroads, roads, and walks.  This is a direct cost if permanent;
otherwise, it is indirect.

Small Tools.  Small hand tools and power tools, boxes, protective clothing, maintenance, and
toolroom operation.  This is an indirect cost.

Software.  The programs, procedures, rules, and any associated documentation pertaining to the
operation of a computer system.

Spares (initial and startup).  During startup or shakedown of equipment and a facility, several
spare parts need to be on site to keep equipment up and running.  After startup, an initial set of
spare parts is inventoried as part of the project costs. 

Special Equipment.  The installed cost of large items of special equipment and process systems
such as vessels (e.g., towers, reactors, storage tanks), heat transfer systems (e.g., heat exchangers,
stacks, cooling towers, desuperheaters, etc.), package units (e.g., waste treatment packages,
clarifier packages, sulfurization, demineralization, etc.), and process piping systems.

Standard Equipment.  Items of equipment in which only a minimum of design work is required,
such as "off-the-shelf" items.  Examples include office furniture, laboratory equipment, heavy
mobile equipment, etc.  Includes spare parts that are made part of the capital cost.  This is a direct
cost.

Startup.  Startup covers one time-costs incurred by the M&O contractor during the transition
period between the completion of construction and operation of the facility.

Statement of Work for M&O Contractor Project Management Activities.  The contractual
statement of work describing the project management activities that the M&O contractor must
deliver.

Storage.  Retention and monitoring of waste in a retrievable manner pending final disposal.

Strategic Facility Assessment.  A review that determines whether a facility is "mission essential"
in conjunction with the planned upgrade to the facility.

Subproject Designation.  A term used to divide a project into separately manageable portions of
the project.

Superfund.  The fund set up by CERCLA for cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites; a
colloquial term used to describe CERCLA.

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).  The 1987 Act amending and
reauthorizing CERCLA for responding to hazardous waste sites and increasing the size of the
fund.

Superintendence.  Salaries, travel, and other expenses of those supervising construction,
including construction superintendents, assistants, and their secretarial support.  Only general
superintendents are included here.  Superintendents assigned to specific portions of the project are
charged directly to the appropriate direct cost accounts.  This is an indirect cost, only if not
associated with a particular work operation.

Surveys, Geological Studies, and Test.  Topographical and other field surveys, soil tests, load
tests, geological studies, test borings, and other subsurface investigations.  This is an indirect cost.

Task.  As defined by the Environmental Restoration Program, an assigned piece of work to be
finished within a certain time.  A task is a unique entity of work that addresses either the
assessment effort or cleanup effort for remediating an OU.  An assessment task can consist of up
to four subtasks representing the first four remediation phases, usually accomplished in series.  A
cleanup task consists of two subtasks representing the remaining two remediation phases.  The
subtasks are the basic building blocks in the program and as such, are individually planned,
approved, executed, and controlled.  It is defined at the fourth WBS level: remediation task
summary.

Taxes Other Than Payroll.  Business and property taxes.  This is an indirect cost.

Temporary Decontamination and Disposal Facilities.  Facilities that are provided as part of an
environmental cleanup job that will not become part of the permanent facilities of that project. 
These temporary facilities would be for the decontamination of personnel, equipment, and
temporary disposal facilities until all permits and approvals for disposal have been obtained.

Termination Costs.  All costs associated with terminating a project prior to completion are
termination costs.  Termination costs include disposition of unfinished facilities or hardware and
settlement of all contracts and subcontracts.  Disposition can include mothballing, dismantling, or
disposal.

Title I Design.  The preliminary stage of project design.  In this phase, the design criteria are
defined in greater detail to permit the design process to proceed with the development of alternate
concepts and a Title I design summary, if required.

Title I Design Estimates.  An intermediate estimate used to verify that the Title I design details
still remain within the project funding.

Title II Design.  The definitive stage of project design.  The approved Title I concept and the
supporting documentation prepared for Title I forms the basis of all activity in Title II.  Definitive
design includes any drawings, specifications, bidding documents, cost estimates, and coordination
with all parties that might affect the project; development of firm construction and procurement
schedules; and assistance in analyzing proposals or bids.  

Title II Design Estimates.  The estimate is used to certify bids or to be used in contract
negotiations.  As Title II design specifications and drawings are developed, the Title II estimate is
completed.

Title III Design.  The inspection portion of project ED&I.  The activities identified in DOE
Order 4700.1, PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, for inclusion in Title III can be separated
into two categories:  office support and field services.

Total Estimated Cost (TEC).  An estimate of the total cost of a task, demonstration, or
program.  The total estimated cost differs from a planning estimate in that it is based on definitive
information regarding technical scope, contracting methods, schedule, and resource requirements. 
As such, once a task is approved, its total estimated cost is baselined and becomes subject to
change control procedures.

Total Project Cost (TPC).  Consists of all costs specific to a project incurred prior to the start-
up of facility operation.  All research and development, operating, plant, and capital equipment
costs specifically associated with a project.  

Transfer and Moving or Relocation.  Transfer and relocation costs associated with the project
personnel to the job site area (costs are incurred by the receiving location).  This is an indirect
cost.

Transportation of Workers.  Transporting employees engaged in the construction work to and
from the job site.  This is an indirect cost.

Travel.  Travel to other locations for project purposes.

Treatment.  Any activity that alters the chemical or physical nature of a waste to reduce its
toxicity or prepare it for disposal. 

Trips to Vendor/Fabricators.  Travel to vendor/fabricator manufacturing facilities to review
and/or inspect vendor work on project equipment.

User Move-In.  User move-in costs are those associated with moving employees and equipment,
including computers, into new facilities.

Utilities (specific to a project).  Water, gas, electrical and sewer beyond a point of 5 feet outside
building.

Value Engineering.  Value engineering is a proven management technique using a systemized
approach to seek out the best functional balance between the cost, reliability, and performance of
a product or project.

Value Engineering After to Title I.  Value engineering performed during the construction phase
of a project after Title I.

Value Engineering Prior to Title I.  Value engineering performed during the design phase of a
project before Title I.

Vendor Submittals.  Documents provided by vendors on their equipment and materials.  These
documents are used to determine whether or not the equipment meets the specifications of the
purchase order.

Vulnerability Assessments.  An evaluation of the vulnerability of a facility that would allow a
hostile agent within the plant to gather intelligence of national security interest.

Warehousing.  Operation of the on-site construction warehouse facilities.  Rental and operation
of off-site facilities.  This is an indirect cost.

Waste Handling to Point of Disposal.  Waste handling to the point of disposal includes all
activities from when waste is generated up until the time it would be properly disposed.  This
includes all waste handling, temporary storage, packaging activities, and transportation.

Water.  Water for construction.  This is an indirect cost.

Welding Tests.  Welding certification tests conducted at the job site or elsewhere.  This is an
indirect cost.

Work Orders.  Issued to contractors providing indefinite delivery services.  This type of contract
is designed to have work orders written describing a service or deliverable that is to be provided
by the indefinite delivery contractor.  

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).  A breakdown of a project into those subelements that
define the project.  The WBS provides a consistent organization framework throughout the
project.  

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